Gabriel Bach, trial prosecutor of notorious Nazi Adolf Eichmann, dies aged 94

 

Then former Supreme Court Justice Gabriel Bach, centre, speaks with former Israeli intelligence and security 

They did not confirm the cause of death of Mr Bach, who went on to serve on Israel's Supreme Court.

During the high-profile trial of Eichmann in Jerusalem, Mr Bach served as a state's attorney, working on evidence-gathering in the case under lead prosecutor Gideon Hausner.

Eichmann, one of Nazi Germany's main organisers of the Holocaust, was captured by Israeli Mossad (secret service) agents outside Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1960.
Nazi SS officer Eichmann coordinated the identification, assembly, and transportation of Jewish people from all over occupied Europe to extermination camps in German-occupied Poland.
He was put on trial in Jerusalem in 1961 and found guilty of crimes against humanity, crimes against the Jewish people and war crimes. He was executed by the Israeli state in 1962.
"If any person deserved death, it was him," Mr Bach said in a 2017 interview with Holocaust remembrance organisation International March of the Living.
The justice was born in Germany in March 1927 and fled the country with his family in 1938, the year before World War Two broke out.
Mr Bach immigrated to British Mandate for Palestine in 1940.
In 1982, he took the bench as a justice on Israel's Supreme Court, where he served for 15 years.
He is being laid to rest at Jerusalem's Har HaMenuchot Cemetery.

Nuclear fusion breakthrough opens door to clean and near limitless energy

 

The JET reactor is based on a tokamak, in which fusion occurs within a white-hot river of plasma

A scientific experiment that mimics the way in which our sun powers itself has set a new record for generating energy, in a breakthrough that raises the prospect of one day developing a near limitless source of power.

The UK-based JET reactor, located in Oxford, produced 59 megajoules of energy during a five-second burst of nuclear fusion, doubling the previous record of 21.7 megajoules set by the facility in 1997.

Fusion, the process that powers the stars, brings together hydrogen atoms at temperatures 10 times hotter than the sun, which then bind to release a vast amount of energy and form new elements.

“We’ve demonstrated that we can create a mini star inside of our machine and hold it there for five seconds and get high performance, which really takes us into a new realm,” said Dr Joe Milnes, the head of operations at the reactor lab.

In theory, nuclear fusion does not require an abundance of fuels, and generates only very small amounts of short-lived radioactive waste. Importantly, it does not produce greenhouse gases.

The breakthrough at JET, run by the UK Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), opens the door to one day producing a near limitless – and clean – source of power that can be used to fuel our homes, cars and cities.

However, harnessing the forces involved in nuclear fusion is a huge challenge, and there is still a long way to go before this type of energy will be accessible on a practical basis.

Temperatures of more than 100 million Celsius are required to fuse together atomic nuclei and generate the release of energy. No material on earth can withstand direct exposure to such high levels of heat.

Because of this, the JET scientists have constructed a doughnut-shaped magnetic field that holds in place the fusion reaction’s “fuel” – the hydrogen atoms deuterium and tritium – which goes on to form a highly ionised cloud of gas called plasma.

Fusion occurs within this white-hot river of plasma as it races around the inside of the JET machine, known as a tokamak, before releasing a burst of energy along with other elements, such as helium.

In an experiment conducted at JET last autumn, around 59 megajoules, or 11 megawatts, of energy were produced – enough to power around 60 kettles’ worth of water – in a five-second burst.

Because of the complex set-up of the JET facility, the experiment consumed more energy to create the fusion reaction than it produced.

However, Ian Fells, emeritus professor of energy conversion at the University of Newcastle, described the output as “a landmark in fusion research”, and other scientists have said this type of energy is worth striving for in order to “protect the planet for future generations”.

Indeed, 1kg of fusion fuel contains about 10 million times as much energy as 1kg of coal, oil or gas.

“Our world needs fusion energy,” said Ian Chapman, CEO of UKAEA. “We’re building the knowledge and developing the new technology required to deliver a low-carbon, sustainable source of baseload energy that helps protect the planet for future generations.”

The approach pioneered at the Joint European Torus (JET) facility, sited at Culham in Oxfordshire, is the culmination of nearly 40 years’ worth of work, and is being replicated at the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), a larger and more advanced version of JET.

ITER is a fusion research project supported by seven members – China, the European Union, India, Japan, Korea, Russia and the US – and is based in the south of France.

Researchers say the recent results from JET support the development of the ITER project, which is aiming to start burning deuterium-tritium fuel in 2035 and to generate more energy than it consumes.

JET cannot run for any longer than five seconds because its electromagnets get too hot. For ITER, internally cooled superconducting magnets will be used.

Dr Mark Wenman, a reader in nuclear materials at Imperial College London, said: “These exciting new results from JET clearly show that it can be achieved in a tokamak similar to the new, larger, more powerful, ITER device.

“For me, this means we can expect big things from ITER, and that fusion energy really is no longer just a dream of the far future – the engineering to make it a useful, clean power source is achievable and happening now.”